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Australian passports are travel documents issued to Australian citizens under ''Australian Passports Act 2005'' by the Australian Passport Office of the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, both in Australia and overseas, which enable the passport bearer to travel internationally. Australian citizens are allowed to hold passports from other countries,〔()〕 though they are required to use an Australian passport to enter or leave Australia. Since 24 October 2005 Australia has issued biometric passports, called ePassports, with an embedded microchip which contains the same personal information that is on the color photo page of the passport, including a digitized photograph. SmartGates have been installed in Australian airports to allow Australian ePassport owners and ePassport owners of several other countries to clear immigration controls more rapidly, and facial recognition technology has been installed at immigration gates.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=SmartGate Frequently Asked Questions – What is an Australian ePassport? )〕 == History == * Until 1901, Australia consisted of six British colonies, which joined to form the Commonwealth of Australia. * During World War I, the ''War Precautions Act 1914'' required all persons over 16 years of age, on leaving Australia, to possess a passport,〔(Passports.gov.au Passport History )〕 the monitoring and identifying those crossing international borders becoming regarded as critical to the security of Australia and its allies.〔 The 'X' series passport was issued in 1917. * The ''Nationality and Citizenship Act 1948'' came into force on 26 January 1949, creating the concept of Australian nationality while continuing to recognise British subjects. The words ''Australian Passport'' replaced ''British Passport'' on the cover of Australian passports.〔 Two types of passport were issued:〔 # 'B' series passports — issued (within Australia only) to British subjects who were not Australian citizens. The term "British subject" had a particular meaning in the context of Australian nationality law. The term encompassed all citizens of countries included in the list contained in the ''Australian Citizenship Act 1948''. The list of countries was based on, but was not identical with, those countries (and their colonies) which were members of the Commonwealth from time to time. The list was amended from time to time as various former colonies became independent countries, but the list in the Act was not necessarily up-to-date as far as to constitute exactly a list of countries in the Commonwealth at any given time. This definition of "British subject" meant that, for the purposes of Australian nationality law, citizens of countries which had become republics, such as India, were grouped as "British subjects". This legal category was abolished in 1984 by the ''Australian Citizenship Amendment Act 1984''. # 'C' series passports — issued to Australian citizens. * In 1950, ‘E’ series passport replaces ‘B’ and ‘C’ series.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=The evolution of the Australian passport )〕 * In 1964, ‘G’ series passport introduced, with the St Edward's Crown at the top of the cover, the word ‘Australia’ followed by the Australian Coat of Arms, and the words ‘British Passport’ at the bottom.〔 * In 1967, the word ‘British Passport’ was removed from passports but retain the Crown. The word ‘Australia’ appears below the Crown, followed by the Australian Coat of Arms and the word ‘Passport’.〔 "British subjects" under Australian nationality law continued to be eligible to be issued Australian passports until 1984.〔 * In 1975, Responsibility for Australian passport functions transferred to the Department of Foreign Affairs (now the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade), from the then Department of Labour and Immigration.〔 * In 1980, Computerised Passport Issue and Control System (PICS) launched.〔 * Before 1983, a married woman's passport application had to be authorised by her husband.〔 * In 1983, the Department partnered with Australia Post to allow the issuance of Australian passports at most Australia Post outlets.〔 * In 1984, ‘T’ series passport introduced, with Crown emblem removed from cover.〔 And machine readable lines and were the first to have a laminate built into the document.〔 The same year Australian passports begun to be issued exclusively to Australian citizens. * In 1986, the introduction of Single Identity passports meant children could no longer be included on their parent's passport.〔 * In 1988, ‘H’ and ‘J’ series passports issued with Bicentennial logo. And until 1988, a woman could apply for and receive a passport in her married name, before she was actually married.〔 * In 1994, Digitised colour printing of photograph and signature on the glue side of the laminate introduced.〔 * In 1995, ‘L’ series passports introduced, with kangaroo motif security laminate. The personal data pages initially included a photograph and a cut out piece of paper with the holders signature under a sheet of adhesive laminate.〔 * From approximately 1998, the personal data page for 'L' series passports was colour laser printed and under a sheet of adhesive laminate * The 'M' series passport was issued from 27 November 2003, which included enhanced security features. The personal data page of these passports is printed by ink-jet onto the adhesive surface of the security laminate, the laminate itself containing a holographic design. * From October 2005, the 'M' series was issued as a biometric or e-passport. An electronic passport logo was printed under the passport number on the personal data page. The front cover was printed in gold ink. * Since May 2009 the 'N' series has been issued as a biometric or e-passport. The passport is black instead of blue and has a slight font and case change to the word 'Passport' on the front cover. The front cover printing is now in silver. Additional fraud counter-measures have been included in the passport including a 'Ghost Image' and 'Retro-Reflective Floating Image' on the laminated page. Each page features images of Australia printed throughout the document making every visa page unique and more difficult to reproduce.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=New 'N Series' Australian Passport )〕 * In late June 2014, the "'P' series" have been issued with innovative security features that make it even more difficult to forge. Australian-flag blue with gold embossed cover, the 'P' series passport builds on the already advanced features of the e-Passport. The 'P' series is printed using the same technologies as Australian banknote. Visible security features include a new security laminate with the world’s first colour floating image.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=New generation of Australian passports released )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Australian passport」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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